Substantial and formal challenges for Peruvian Diplomacy in times of COVID-19

Authors

  • José Joshua Curay Ferrer

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.61249/pi.vi128.7

Keywords:

COVID-19, pandemic, diplomacy, multilateralism, disinformation, digitalisation, WHO, China, USA

Abstract

The objective of this document is to identify the actions which Peru should take, as an international actor, towards the COVID-19 pandemic. The text has three sections: the first section analyzes the context in which COVID-19 appears; the second section develops the implicit problem of the pandemic as a crisis of confidence; and the last section displays the arguments for actions related to multilateralism and digital media. We conclude that, in order to cope with COVID-19, Peru needs its diplomacy, while it needs to be more digital.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Adlakha, H. (2020). Did China Join COVAX to Counter or Promote Vaccine Nationalism? The Diplomat.Recuperado de: https://thediplomat.com/2020/10/did-china-join-covax-to-counter-or-promotevaccine-nationalism/

Agencia Europea de Seguridad de las Redes y de la Información (2017). Disinformation operations in cyber-space. Recuperado el 18 de octubre de 2020 de: https://www.enisa.europa.eu/publications/ info-notes/disinformation-operations-in-cyber-space

Brown, T. & Ladwig, S. (2020). COVID-19, China, the World Health Organization, and the Limits of International Health Diplomacy. AJPH. August 2020, Vol 110, No. 8. Recuperado de: https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/10.2105/AJPH.2020.305796

Bollyky, T. & Bown, C. (2020). The tragedy of Vaccine Nationalism. Foreign Affairs, setiembre-octubre. Recuperado de: https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2020-07-27/vaccine-nationalism-pandemic

Cabestan, J. (2020). China’s Battle with Coronavirus: Possible geopolitical gains and real challenges. Al Jazeera Centre for Studies. Recuperado de: https://studies.aljazeera.net/en/reports/china%E2%80%99s-battle-coronavirus-possible-geopoliticalgains-and-real-challenges

Creemers, R. (2015). The pivot in Chinese cybergovernance integrating internet control in Xi Jinping’s China. Centre d'étude français sur la Chine contemporaine. Recuperado de: https://journals.openedition. org/chinaperspectives/6835

Coronavirus: Trump grilled on use of term 'Chinese virus'. (2020, 18 de marzo). Recuperado de: https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-us-canada-51953315

Diazgranados, H. (2020). 70% de los latinoamericanos desconocecómo detectar una fake news. Kaspersky Daily. Recuperado de: https://latam.kaspersky.com/blog/70-de-los-latinoamericanos-desconoce-como-detectar-una-fakenews/17015/

Foro Económico Mundial (2019). The Global Competitiveness Report 2019. Foro Económico Mundial. Recuperado de: https://www.weforum.org/reports/how-to-end-a-decade-of-lost-productivity-growth

Haass, R. (2020). Present at the disruption. How Trump unmade U.S. foreign policy. Foreign Affairs, setiembre-octubre. Recuperado de: https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2020-08-11/present-disruption

Higueras, G. (2018). China se prepara para su gobernanza global. Política Exterior. N 181, Vol. XXXII, p. 69

Holbig, H. (2020). Vom Krisenherd zum Krisenheld: Chinas Umgang mit COVID-19. German Institute for Global and Area Studies (GIGA). Recuperado de: https://www.giga-hamburg.de/de/publikationen/giga-focus

How the West got China wrong (2018, 1 de marzo). The Economist. Recuperado de: https://www.economist.com/leaders/2018/03/01/how-the-west-got-china-wrong

Ibañez, P. (2020). Geopolítica e diplomacia em tempos de Covid-19: Brasil e China no limiar de um contencioso. Espaço e Economia. https://doi.org/10.4000/espacoeconomia.13257

Katz, R. (2020). Economic impact of COVID-19 on digital infrastructure. Recuperado de la página oficial de la Unión Internacional de Comunicaciones: https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Conferences/GSR/2020/Documents/GSR-20_Impact-COVID-19-ondigital-economy_DiscussionPaper.pdf

l'OMS inquiète d'un «nationalismevaccinal» (2020, 26 de octubre). Le Figaro. Recuperado de: https://www.lefigaro.fr/sciences/coronavirus-nouveau-record-de-cas-dans-le-monde-l-oms-inquiete-d-unnationalisme-vaccinal-20201026

MacMillan, M. (2020). What can history tell us about about the world after Trump. Foreign Affairs, setiembre-octubre. Recuperado de: https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2020-08-11/history-which-past-prologue

Maqbool, A. (2020, 9 de julio). Black Lives Matter: From social media post to global movement. BBC. Recuperado de: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-53273381

Metdepenningen, M. (2020, 21 de julio). Coronavirus: les anti-vaccin et anti-masque passent à l’offensive. Le Soir. Recuperado de: https://plus.lesoir.be/314513/article/2020-07-21/coronavirus-les-anti-vaccin-et-anti-masque-passentloffensive

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China (2020). The Information Department. Recuperado de: https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjb_663304/zzjg_663340/xws_665282/

Naves, M. (2018). Géopolitique des États – Unis. Francia: Groupe Eyrolles. p. 35.

Noah, C., Nistha, S., Md Siddikur, R., Rafdzah, Z., Zhengqi, T., Saana, B., … Ubydul, H. (2020). The SARS, MERS and novel coronavirus (COVID-19) epidemics, the newest and biggest global health threats: what lessons have we learned? International Journal of Epidemiology, Vol. 49, 717–726,

https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyaa033

«On ne sait pas» : après les Etats-Unis et le Royaume-Uni, la France émet des doutes sur la gestion du coronavirus par la Chine. (2020, 16 de abril). Recuperado de: https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2020/04/16/on-ne-sait-pas-apres-washington-et-londres-macron-emet-des-doutes-sur-lagestion-chinoise-du-coronavirus_6036849_3210.html

Organismo Mundial de la Salud (2020a). Panel de la OMS sobre la enfermedad por coronavirus (COVID-19). Recuperado el 18 de octubre de: https://covid19.who.int/

Organismo Mundial de la Salud (2020b). Joint statement by WHO, UN, UNICEF, UNDP, UNESCO, UNAIDS, ITU, UN Global Pulse, and IFRC. Recuperado de: https://www.who.int/news/item/23-09-2020-managing-the-covid-19-infodemic-promoting-healthy-behaviours-and-mitigating-the-harmfrom-misinformation-and-disinformation

Pastrana, E. & Velosa, E. (2020). La crisis global del COVID-19: ¿Qué implicaciones tiene para el orden mundial liberal y el multilateralismo? Fundación Konrad Adenauer, KAS, Colombia. Recuperado de: https://www.kas.de/web/kolumbien

Plett, B. (2020, 24 de julio). Why US-China relations are at their lowest point in decades. BBC. Recuperado de: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-53517439

Schadlow, N. (2020). The end of American illusion. Trump and the world as it is. Foreign Affairs, setiembreoctubre. Recuperado de: https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/americas/2020-08-11/end-american-illusion

The White House (2020, 23 abril). Members of the Coronavirus Task Force Hold a Press Briefing. Recuperado de: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PsQnfpfIa_o&feature=youtu.be&t=1575

Unión Internacional de las Telecomunicaciones (2020). Individuals using the internet, 2005-2019. Recuperado de: https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/stat/default.aspx

US Department of State (2020). Department of State Organization Chart. Recuperado de: https://www.state.gov/department-of-state-organization-chart/

Verma, R. (2020). China’s diplomacy and changing the COVID-19 narrative. International Journal 2020, Vol. 75(2) 248–258. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020702020930054

Wolf, S. (2020a). Coronavirus: Beijing’s public diplomacy and influence campaigns. South Asia Democratic Forum. Recuperado de: https://www.sadf.eu/comment-179-coronavirus-beijings-public-diplomacy-and-influence-campaigns/

Wolf, S. (2020b). On the Asian century, Pax Sinica & beyond (x): Coronavirus: why beijing’s ‘wolf warrior diplomacy’ will fail. South Asia Democratic Forum. Recuperado de: https://www.sadf.eu/comment-181-on-the-asian-century-pax-sinica-beyond-x-coronavirus-why-beijings-wolf-warrior-diplomacy-will-fail/

Zhang, D. (2020). China’s Coronavirus ‘COVID-19 Diplomacy’ in the Pacific. Australian National University. Recuperado de: http://dpa.bellschool.anu.edu.au/experts-publications/publications/7553/ib-202010-chinascoronavirus-covid-19-diplomacy-pacific

Published

2023-08-10

How to Cite

Curay Ferrer, J. J. (2023). Substantial and formal challenges for Peruvian Diplomacy in times of COVID-19. International Politics, (128), 36–49. https://doi.org/10.61249/pi.vi128.7