Parques científicos, tecnológicos y de investigación: una revisión de literatura desde la perspectiva internacional
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61249/pi.vi130.30Palabras clave:
parques científicos, tecnológicos y de investigación, política regional de innovación, nuevas empresas de base tecnológica, vinculación academia-industria, desarrollo económicoResumen
En un mundo complejo e incierto caracterizado por múltiples fenómenos en curso varios países han optado por un renovado impulso a las políticas científicas, tecnológicas y de innovación. A nivel subnacional se ha venido implementando parques científicos, tecnológicos y de investigación (parques CTI) principalmente en las regiones de Norteamérica, Europa Occidental y Asia del Este. Si bien los grupos de interés que hacen viable los parques CTI determinan en buena medida los objetivos que se persiguen, se ha podido notar que por lo general dichos parques coinciden en tres objetivos: i) el fomento de nuevas empresas de base tecnológica, ii) la transferencia de tecnología entre la academia e industria y, iii) la contribución al crecimiento económico local y nacional. Adicionalmente, no existe una definición universalmente aceptada sobre lo que es un parque CTI y, por lo tanto, las diversas clasificaciones propuestas constituyen un reflejo de los intentos por dilucidar cuándo y bajo qué condiciones los parques son efectivos para las empresas inquilinas y el desarrollo económico regional. Se han identificado al menos siete lecciones aprendidas de los parques CTI, de las cuales destacan la inexistencia de un único modelo de parque, la necesidad de contar con una visión a largo plazo, la importancia de un liderazgo en la administración del parque y la necesidad de un financiamiento público continuo con participación privada. Finalmente, existe cierto consenso en la literatura revisada para considerar a los parques CTI como parte de un conjunto de herramientas de políticas regionales de innovación que tienen la misión de impulsar el desarrollo económico, social y tecnológico de los países.
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